nyxx_commands 6.0.2

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example/example.dart

// This file is a full example and pseudo-guide for most features in nyxx_commands.
// It assumes a basic level of Dart programming, usage of environment variables and of the nyxx and
// nyxx_interactions libraries.

// If you want to run this file, you will need to perform a couple of setup steps:
// - Set the environment variable `TOKEN` to your Discord bot account's token;
// - Set the environment variable `GUILD` to the ID of the Discord guild (server) you want the
//   commands to be registered to

// nyxx is needed to create the client & use nyxx classes like Message or Guild
import 'package:nyxx/nyxx.dart';
// nyxx_commands is needed to use the commands plugin
import 'package:nyxx_commands/nyxx_commands.dart';

// To add these dependencies to your project, run:
// - `dart pub add nyxx`;
// - `dart pub add nyxx_commands`

// Miscellaneous imports used only for the example
import 'dart:io';
import 'dart:math';

void main() async {
  // ====================================== //
  // ===== Initializing nyxx_commands ===== //
  // ====================================== //

  // Next, we need to create our plugin. The plugin class used for nyxx_commands is `CommandsPlugin`
  // and we need to store it in a variable to be able to access it for registering commands and
  // converters.

  CommandsPlugin commands = CommandsPlugin(
    // The `prefix` parameter determines what prefix nyxx_commands will use for text commands.
    //
    // It isn't a simple string but a function that takes a single argument, a `MessageCreateEvent`,
    // and returns a `String` indicating what prefix to use for that message. This allows you to
    // have/ different prefixes for different messages, for example you might want the bot to not
    // require a prefix when in direct messages. In that case, you might provide a function like
    // this:
    // ```dart
    // prefix: (event) {
    //   if (event.message.content.startsWith('!')) {
    //     return '!';
    //   } else if (event.guild == null) {
    //     return '';
    //   }
    // }
    //```
    //
    // In this case, we always return `!` meaning that the prefix for all messages will be `!`.
    prefix: (message) => '!',

    // The `guild` parameter determines what guild slash commands will be registered to by default.
    //
    // If you aren't testing or want your commands to be registered globally, either omit this
    // parameter or set it to `null`.
    guild: Snowflake.parse(Platform.environment['GUILD']!),

    // The `options` parameter allows you to specify additional configuration options for the
    // plugin.
    //
    // Generally you can just omit this parameter and use the defaults, but if you want to allow for
    // a specific behavior you can include this parameter to change the default settings.
    //
    // In this case, we set the option `logErrors` to `true`, meaning errors that occur in commands
    // will be sent to the logger. If you have also added the `Logging` plugin to your client, these
    // will then be printed to your console.
    // `true` is actually the default for this option and was included here for the sake of example.
    options: CommandsOptions(
      logErrors: true,
    ),
  );

  // Now we have our `CommandsPlugin`, we can connect to Discord, making sure to pass our `commands`
  // instance to the client's options.
  await Nyxx.connectGateway(
    Platform.environment['TOKEN']!,
    GatewayIntents.allUnprivileged | GatewayIntents.guildMembers,
    options: GatewayClientOptions(plugins: [commands, logging, cliIntegration, ignoreExceptions]),
  );

  // ====================================== //
  // ======= Registering a command ======== //
  // ====================================== //

  // To register a command, we must first create an instance of the `ChatCommand` class.
  // This class represents a single command, slash command or not, and once added to the bot will
  // automatically be ready to use.
  //
  // As our first example, let's create a ping command that simply replies with `pong`.
  ChatCommand ping = ChatCommand(
    // The first parameter is the command name.
    // ChatCommand names must obey certain rules, if they don't an error will be thrown.
    // Generally using lower case letters and dashes (`-`) instead of spaces or underscores will
    // avoid any problems.
    'ping',

    // The second parameter is the command description.
    // In traditional command frameworks, command descriptions aren't required. However, Discord
    // requires that all slash commands have a description, so it is needed in nyxx_commands.
    'Checks if the bot is online',

    // The third parameter is the function that will be executed when the command is ran.
    //
    // It is wrapped in a special function, `id`, that allows nyxx_commands to be compiled and ran
    // as an executable. If you just want to run nyxx_commands with `dart run`, this is optional and
    // you can just pass a normal function to the constructor.
    //
    // The first parameter to this function must be a `ChatContext`. A `ChatContext` allows you to access
    // various information about how the command was run: the user that executed it, the guild it
    // was ran in and a few other useful pieces of information.
    // `IChatContext` also has a couple of methods that make it easier to respond to commands.
    //
    // Since a ping command doesn't have any other arguments, we don't add any other parameters to
    // the function.
    id('ping', (ChatContext context) {
      // For a ping command, all we need to do is respond with `pong`.
      // To do that, we can use the `IChatContext`'s `respond` method which responds to the command with
      // a message.
      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: 'pong!'));
    }),
  );

  // Once we've created our command, we need to add it to our bot:
  commands.addCommand(ping);
  // The commands on a bot can be represented with a parent-child tree that looks like this:
  //
  // client
  // ┗━ ping

  // At this point, if you run this file, you should see a slash command named "ping" appear in
  // Discord. Executing it should make the bot send `pong!` to the channel the command was executed
  // in.
  // You can also send a text message starting with `!ping` and  you should see a similar result.

  // ====================================== //
  // ======= Using a command group ======== //
  // ====================================== //

  // Command groups are a powerful tool that allow you to group commands together.
  // As an example, we'll create a command group `throw` with two sub-commands: `coin` and `die` (
  // the singular form of dice, not the verb).
  // Our command structure will look like this once we're done (the ping command we made earlier is
  // still there):
  //
  // client
  // ┗━ ping
  // ┗━ throw
  //    ┗━ coin
  //    ┗━ die

  // We have to use the variable name `throwGroup` since `throw` is a reserved keyword. Note that
  // the variable name does not change how the group behaves at all though.
  ChatGroup throwGroup = ChatGroup(
    // Similarly to `ChatCommand`, the `ChatGroup` constructor's first two arguments are the group's name
    // and description.
    'throw',
    'Throw an objet',
    // However, there is no `execute` parameter: groups are not commands, and as such cannot be run,
    // so it makes no sense to have a function to execute.

    // `children` is an optional parameter that allows you to specify what commands are part of this
    // group. It isn't the only way to add commands to a group though, so we'll add the `throw coin`
    // method here and the `throw die` command later.
    children: [
      // We create a command in the same way as we created the `ping` command earlier.
      ChatCommand(
        'coin',
        'Throw a coin',
        id('throw-coin', (ChatContext context) {
          bool heads = Random().nextBool();

          context.respond(
              MessageBuilder(content: 'The coin landed on its ${heads ? 'head' : 'tail'}!'));
        }),
      ),
    ],
  );

  // The other way to add a command to a group is using the `ChatGroup`'s `addCommand` method,
  // similarly to how we added the `ping` command to the bot earlier.
  throwGroup.addCommand(ChatCommand(
    'die',
    'Throw a die',
    id('throw-die', (ChatContext context) {
      int number = Random().nextInt(6) + 1;

      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: 'The die landed on the $number!'));
    }),
  ));

  // Finally, just like the `ping` command, we need to add our command group to the bot:
  commands.addCommand(throwGroup);

  // At this point, if you run this file, a new command should have appeared in the slash command
  // menu on Discord: `throw`. Selecting it will let you choose from two sub-commands: `coin` or
  // `die`. Executing either of them should result in the bot sending a message with a random
  // outcome!
  //
  // You can also send a text message starting with `!throw coin` or `!throw die` to execute the
  // commands.

  // ====================================== //
  // ====== Using command arguments ======= //
  // ====================================== //

  // ChatCommand arguments are another powerful tool that allow you to get user input when using
  // commands.
  // Adding arguments to your commands in nyxx_commands is simple, just add the argument as a
  // parameter to your `execute` function and nyxx_commands will do the rest, including:
  // - Converting the parameter name to a Discord-friendly name;
  // - Converting user input to the correct type;
  // - Inferring the best Discord slash command argument type to use for that argument
  //
  // As an example, let's implement a `say` command that simply repeats what the user input.

  ChatCommand say = ChatCommand(
    'say',
    'Make the bot say something',
    // As mentioned earlier, all we need to do to add an argument to our command is add it as a
    // parameter to our execute function. In this case, we take an argument called `message` and of
    // type `String`.
    id('say', (ChatContext context, String message) {
      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: message));
    }),
  );

  // As usual, we need to register the command to our bot.
  commands.addCommand(say);

  // At this point, if you run this file your command structure will look like this:
  //
  // client
  // ┗━ ping
  // ┗━ throw
  //    ┗━ coin
  //    ┗━ die
  // ┗━ say
  //
  // A new command will also have appeared in Discord: `say`. Notice that this new command has an
  // argument, and Discord won't let you execute it unless your provide a value for that argument.
  //
  // As usual, you can also execute the command with a message starting with `!say`.
  // However, if you try to run the command with a message that just says `!say`, you will notice an
  // error is thrown in your console. This is because you didn't provide a value for the `message`
  // argument.
  // Sending `!say hi` will result in the bot sending a message `hi` as expected.
  //
  // There is another catch though: sending `!say hello, nyxx_commands!` will only make the bot send
  // a message with `hello,`. This is because the string parser assumes that one word = one
  // argument. To avoid this, put quotes around your argument to tell nyxx_commands that until the
  // next quote, all characters should be treated as a single argument (escaping quotes is
  // supported).
  // Running `!say "hello, nyxx_commands!"` results in `hello, nyxx_commands!` being sent as
  // expected.

  // ====================================== //
  // ========= Using converters =========== //
  // ====================================== //

  // Converters allow you to convert user input to specific Dart types. In the previous example, no
  // conversion was needed as input received from Discord is already a `String`.
  // However, the input received from Discord might not always be the type you need it to be. To
  // convert the input from Discord to the type needed for your `execute` function, the `Converter`
  // class is used.
  //
  // nyxx_commands registers a few converters by default for commonly used types such as `int`s,
  // `double`s, `Member`s and others. We'll look into creating custom converters later, and for now
  // just use the built-in converters.

  // Using converters is just as simple as using arguments: simply specify the argument name and
  // type, and nyxx_commands will determine which `Converter` to use for that argument.
  //
  // As an example, let's create a `nick` command that changes a user's nickname.

  ChatCommand nick = ChatCommand(
    'nick',
    "Change a user's nickname",
    // Setting the type of the `target` parameter to `Member` will make nyxx_commands convert user
    // input to instances of `Member`.
    id('nick', (ChatContext context, Member target, String newNick) async {
      try {
        await target.update(MemberUpdateBuilder(nick: newNick));
      } on HttpResponseError {
        context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: "Couldn't change nickname :/"));
        return;
      }

      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: 'Successfully changed nickname!'));
    }),
  );

  commands.addCommand(nick);

  // At this point, if you run the file your command structure will look like this:
  //
  // client
  // ┗━ ping
  // ┗━ throw
  //    ┗━ coin
  //    ┗━ die
  // ┗━ say
  // ┗━ nick
  //
  // A new `nick` command will have been added to Discord's slash command menu. Selecting it will
  // prompt you for both a target and a new nickname.
  // Notice that the `target` argument will only allow you to select members of the guild the
  // command was ran in:
  // nyxx_commands automatically selected an appropriate slash command argument type for the
  // `target` parameter.
  //
  // Also notice that the `newNick` argument name was changed to `new-nick`. nyxx_commands will
  // automatically convert your camelCase dart identifiers to Discord-compatible kebab-case argument
  // names, meaning you can keep your code clean without issues.
  //
  // You can also run the command from a text message, with `!nick *target* *new-nick*`. Unlike
  // slash commands, there is no way to filter user input before it gets to our bot, so we might end
  // up with an invalid input.
  // If that is the case, the converter for `Member` will be unable to convert the user input to a
  // valid member, and the command will fail with an exception.
  //
  // Note that the bot must have the MANAGE_MEMBERS permission and have a higher role than the
  // target user for this command to succeed.

  // ====================================== //
  // ====== Using custom converters ======= //
  // ====================================== //

  // Custom converters allow you to specify a custom way of converting user input to a specific type
  // that you can then use in your commands. You can define a custom converter in a few ways:
  // - By creating your own converter from scratch;
  // - By extending an existing converter;
  // - By combining existing converters

  // As an example, we will create converters for two enums defined at the bottom of this file:
  // `Shape` and `Dimension`.

  // === Using fully custom converters ==== //

  // To start off, we will create a converter for `Shape`s. We will need to create a brand new
  // converter from scratch for this, since no existing converter can be mapped to a `Shape`.

  // To create the converter, we instantiate the `Converter` class.
  // Note that the variable is fully
  // typed, the typed generics on `Converter` are filled in. This allows nyxx_commands to know what
  // the target type of this converter is.
  Converter<Shape> shapeConverter = Converter<Shape>(
    // The first parameter to the `Converter` constructor is a function.
    // This function is what actually does the converting, and can return two things:
    // - An instance of the target type (in this case, `Shape`), indicating success;
    // - `null`, indicating failure (input cannot be parsed)
    //
    // The first parameter to the function is an instance of `StringView`. `StringView` allows you
    // to manipulate and extract data from a `String`, but also allows the next converter to know
    // where to start parsing its argument from.
    // The second parameter is the current `ChatContext` in which the argument is being parsed.
    (view, context) {
      // In our case, we want to return a `Shape` based on the user's input. The `getQuotedWord()`
      // will get the next quoted word from the input.
      // Note that although `getWord()` exists, you shouldn't use it unless you have to as it can
      // mess up argument parsing later down the argument parsing.
      switch (view.getQuotedWord().toLowerCase()) {
        case 'triangle':
          return Shape.triangle;
        case 'square':
          return Shape.square;
        case 'pentagon':
          return Shape.pentagon;
        default:
          // The input didn't match anything we know, so we assume the input is invalid and return
          // `null` to indicate failure.
          return null;
      }
    },

    // The second parameter to the `Converter` constructor is a list (or any iterable) of
    // nyxx_interaction's `ArgChoiceBuilder`, allowing you to specify the choices that will be shown
    // to the user when running this command from a slash command.
    choices: [
      CommandOptionChoiceBuilder(name: 'Triangle', value: 'triangle'),
      CommandOptionChoiceBuilder(name: 'Square', value: 'square'),
      CommandOptionChoiceBuilder(name: 'Pentagon', value: 'pentagon'),
    ],
  );

  // Once we've created our converter, we need to add it to the bot:
  commands.addConverter(shapeConverter);

  // ===== Using assembled converters ===== //

  // For our `Dimension` converter, we can extend an existing converter: all `Dimension`s are
  // integers, so we can just extend the already existing `intConverter` and transform the integer
  // to a `Dimension`.

  // To extend an existing `Converter`, we can use the `CombineConverter` class. This takes an
  // existing converter and a function to transform the output of the original converter to the
  // target type.
  // Similarly to the shape converter, this variable has to be fully typed. The first type argument
  // for `CombineConverter` is the target type of the initial `Converter`, and the second is the
  // target type of the `CombineConverter`.
  Converter<Dimension> dimensionConverter = CombineConverter<int, Dimension>(
    intConverter,
    // Also like `Converter`, the second parameter to the transform function is the current context.
    (number, context) {
      switch (number) {
        case 2:
          return Dimension.twoD;
        case 3:
          return Dimension.threeD;
        default:
          return null;
      }
    },
  );

  // Just like before, we add our converter to the bot.
  commands.addConverter(dimensionConverter);

  // Let's create a command to test our converter out:
  ChatCommand favoriteShape = ChatCommand(
    'favorite-shape',
    'Outputs your favorite shape',
    id('favorite-shape', (ChatContext context, Shape shape, Dimension dimension) {
      String favorite;

      switch (shape) {
        case Shape.triangle:
          if (dimension == Dimension.twoD) {
            favorite = 'triangle';
          } else {
            favorite = 'pyramid';
          }
          break;
        case Shape.square:
          if (dimension == Dimension.twoD) {
            favorite = 'square';
          } else {
            favorite = 'cube';
          }
          break;
        case Shape.pentagon:
          if (dimension == Dimension.twoD) {
            favorite = 'pentagon';
          } else {
            favorite = 'pentagonal prism';
          }
      }

      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: 'Your favorite shape is $favorite!'));
    }),
  );

  commands.addCommand(favoriteShape);

  // At this point, if you run the file you will see that the `favorite-shape` command has been
  // added to the slash command menu.
  // Selecting this command, you will be prompted to select a shape from the choices we outlined
  // earlier and a dimension. Note that in this case Discord isn't able to give us choices since we
  // haven't told it what dimensions are available.
  //
  // If you run the command, you will see that your input will automatically be converted to a
  // `Shape` and `Dimension` by using the converters we defined earlier.
  // Similarly to when we created the `nick` command, if either of our converters fail the command
  // will fail with an error.

  // ====================================== //
  // ===== Using optional arguments ======= //
  // ====================================== //

  // Optional arguments allow you to allow the user to input something while providing a default
  // value.
  // Like converters, optional arguments are easy to use: just make the parameter in your `execute`
  // function optional.
  //
  // You must use optional parameters and not named parameters in the `execute` function as the
  // order matters when using text commands. Note that when using slash commands, users can specify
  // optional arguments in any order and can omit certain optional arguments. nyxx_commands will fix
  // the ordering of the arguments, however you are not guaranteed to receive all optional arguments
  // up to the last one positionally.
  //
  // As an example:
  // ```dart
  // (IChatContext context, [String? a, String? b, String? c]) {}
  // ```
  // In this case, `b` having a value does not guarantee `a` has a value.

  // As an example for using optional arguments, let's create a command with an optional argument:
  ChatCommand favoriteFruit = ChatCommand(
    'favorite-fruit',
    'Outputs your favorite fruit',
    id('favorite-fruit', (ChatContext context, [String favorite = 'apple']) {
      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: 'Your favorite fruit is $favorite!'));
    }),
  );

  commands.addCommand(favoriteFruit);

  // At this point, if you run the file you will be able to use the `favorite-fruit` command. Once
  // you've selected the command in the slash command menu, you'll be given an option to provide a
  // value for the `favorite` argument.
  // If you don't specify a value for the argument, the default value of `'apple'` will be used. If
  // you do specify a value, that value will be used instead.
  //
  // Using optional arguments in text commands works as expected: arguments are parsed from the user
  // input until there is no text left to parse or all possible arguments. This means that if you
  // want to specify an optional argument, you just have to type it in as you would with a
  // non-optional argument and the arguments will be filled in left to right in the order they were
  // declared.

  // ====================================== //
  // =========== Using checks ============= //
  // ====================================== //

  // Command checks allow you to restrict a command's usage. There are a few built-in checks that
  // integrate with Discord's slash command permissions, and a special cooldown check.
  //
  // As an example, we'll create a command with a cooldown:

  ChatCommand alphabet = ChatCommand(
    'alphabet',
    'Outputs the alphabet',
    id('alphabet', (ChatContext context) {
      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'));
    }),
    // Since this command is spammy, we can use a cooldown to restrict its usage:
    checks: [
      CooldownCheck(
        CooldownType.user | CooldownType.guild, // Make the cooldown per user per guild
        Duration(seconds: 30),
      )
    ],
  );

  commands.addCommand(alphabet);

  // At this point, if you run the file you will see an `alphabet` command appear in the slash
  // command menu. Executing it once will run fine, however trying to execute it again less that 30
  // seconds later will cause the command to fail with an exception. After 30 seconds have passed,
  // the command can be used again.

  // ====================================== //
  // ===== Using converter overrides ====== //
  // ====================================== //

  // Converter overrides allow you to override which `Converter` is used to convert a specific
  // argument.
  // They can be used, for example, to filter the output of a converter so that only certain
  // instances are ever passed to the function.

  // You might have noticed that if we run the command `!say ""`, the bot will throw an error
  // because it cannot send an empty message. This is because the string `Converter` saw `""` and
  // interpreted it as an empty string - which the bot then tried to send.

  // To counter this, let's create a converter that only allows non-empty strings:

  // Since the converter is going to be passed into a decorator, it must be `const`. As such, any
  // functions used must either be static methods or top-level functions.
  // You can see the implementation of `filterInput` at the bottom of this file.
  const Converter<String> nonEmptyStringConverter = CombineConverter(stringConverter, filterInput);

  ChatCommand betterSay = ChatCommand(
    'better-say',
    'A better version of the say command',
    id('better-say', (
      ChatContext context,
      @UseConverter(nonEmptyStringConverter) String input,
    ) {
      context.respond(MessageBuilder(content: input));
    }),
  );

  commands.addCommand(betterSay);

  // At this point, if you run the file, a new command `better-say` will have been added to the bot.
  // Attempting to invoke it with an empty string (`!better-say  ""`) will cause the argument to
  // fail parsing.
}

// -------------------------------------- //
// ------------ Custom types ------------ //
// -------------------------------------- //

enum Shape {
  triangle,
  square,
  pentagon,
}

enum Dimension {
  twoD,
  threeD,
}

// -------------------------------------- //
// ---------- Global functions ---------- //
// -------------------------------------- //

String? filterInput(String input, ContextData context) {
  if (input.isNotEmpty) {
    return input;
  }
  return null;
}